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2025-01-20
BRICS+ countries are exploring how they can foster greater use of local currencies in their trade instead of relying on a handful of major currencies, primarily the US dollar and the euro. The forum for cooperation among nine leading emerging economies — Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, the Russian Federation, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates — emphasised this determination at its 16th summit in October 2024. Economist Lauren Johnston recently wrote a paper on this development. The Conversation Africa asked her for her insights. Why do Brics+ countries want to trade in local currencies? There are economic and political reasons to use local currencies. Using local units to trade among themselves will lower the transaction costs and reduce these countries’ dependence on foreign currencies. Over the past few centuries, the world’s economy has developed in a way that makes certain currencies more valuable and widely trusted for international trade. These include the US dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. These currencies hold value around the world because they come from countries with strong economies and a long history of trading globally. When people or countries trade using these currencies and end up collecting or holding them, they consider them “safe” because their value remains stable, and they can be easily used or exchanged anywhere in the world. But for countries in the Global South, like Ethiopia, whose currency (the birr) is not widely accepted outside its borders, trading is far more difficult. These countries struggle to earn enough of the major currencies through exports to buy what they need on international markets and to repay their debts (which tend to be in those currencies). In turn, the necessity of trading in major currencies, or the inability to trade in them, can create challenges that slow down economic growth and development. Therefore, even some trade in local currencies among Brics+ members will support growth and development. Oil exporter Russia is a unique case. Though there are fewer foreign currency constraints overall, Russia faces extensive financial sanctions for its war against Ukraine. Using a variety of currencies in its foreign transactions may make it easier to get around these sanctions. Politically, the reasons for using other currencies primarily relate to freedom from sanctions. One tool for implementing sanctions is an international payments system known as Swift (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication). Swift was founded in 1973 and is based in Belgium. It enables secure and standardised communication between financial institutions for international payments and transactions, and it is almost the only way to do this. It was first used to impose financial sanctions on Iran in 2012 and has since been used to impose sanctions on Russia and North Korea. If a country is cut off from Swift, it faces disruptions in international trade and financial transactions as banks struggle to process payments. This can lead to economic isolation and challenges in accessing global markets. The reality and possibility of exclusion from Swift’s payments system are among the factors galvanising momentum towards a new payments system that relies less on the currencies of the countries that govern Swift — like the euro, Japanese yen, British pound and US dollar. What are the likely challenges they will face? The Brics+ plan to use local currencies faces some hurdles. The central problem is the lack of demand for most currencies internationally. And it is hard to supplant the international role of existing major currencies. If, for example, India accumulates Ethiopian birr, it can mainly only use them in trade with Ethiopia and nowhere else. Or, if Russia allows India to buy oil in rupees, what will it do with those rupees? Since most countries seeking alternatives to dollar dependence tend to sell more than they buy from other countries or are lower-income importers, they must consider what currencies to accumulate via trade. When it comes to payment systems, at least, alternatives are emerging. Brics+ is creating its own Brics+ Clear. Some 160 countries have signed up to use the system. China also has its own Cross-border Interbank Payment System, which broadly works the same way as Swift. There is a risk, though, that these payment methods could merely fragment the system and make it even more costly and less efficient. Has trading in local currencies been done elsewhere? Not all trade is done in major Western currencies. For example, in Southern Africa, within the Southern African Customs Union, the South African rand plays a relatively important role in cross-border trade and finance. Just as in Southeast Asia, the currencies of Singapore and Thailand compete to be the dominant currency in the sub-region. China — the world’s biggest exporter and producer of industrialised goods — is also signing bilateral currency swap agreements with other countries. The goal is greater use of the renminbi in the world. India and Russia recently trialled using the rupee to trade as a means of circumventing sanctions. Russia’s oil exports to and through India have risen strongly since the Ukraine war, and some 90 percent of that bilateral trade takes place in the rupee and rouble. This leaves Russia with a challenge — what to do with all the rupees it has accumulated. These deposits are sitting in Indian banks and being invested in local shares and other assets. Another example of efforts to sidestep major international currencies is China’s model of “barter trade”. The model works like this: China exports, for instance, agricultural machinery to an African country and receives payment in that country’s currency. China then uses that currency to buy goods from the same country, which are then imported back to China. After these goods are sold in China, the Chinese trader is paid in renminbi. Ghana is one country involved in this barter model. Challenges facing the model include the digitisation of payments and trade, and trust — high levels are needed to establish and maintain relationships between trading parties as individuals and businesses. It also requires some level of centralisation and coordination but lacks strong laws, regulations and industry standards. This means that different platforms and enterprises may not be compatible, which can add to transaction time and costs. Another example is when Chinese investors in Ethiopia make profits in birr. They use these birr to buy Ethiopian goods, like coffee, and export them to China. In China, when they sell these goods, they receive renminbi. So, they transfer their profits from Ethiopia to China by increasing Ethiopia’s exports to China. Anecdotal reports suggest this is feasible at a small scale but has relatively high coordination costs. There could be other challenges. For example, if Chinese buyers pay Ethiopian coffee farmers in their local currency instead of US dollars, it could lead to fewer dollars being available overall. Some international transactions still rely heavily on dollars. How should Brics+ nations structure their arrangement? There is no simple or easily scalable solution to eliminating the reliance on major international currencies or circumventing Swift. A fast, digital payment system is needed. This system would calculate and balance currency demand efficiently. It must also be reliable, replace parts of the current system and not create extra costs for countries that are not using it yet. Although some Brics+ members, like Russia, may have more interest in fast-tracking change, this may be less in the interest of other Brics+ members. A move away from Swift, for instance, requires buy-in from local financial institutions, and those in African countries may not be under pressure to shift to a new, lesser-known platform. Given these challenges, I argue that Brics+ should progress incrementally. What can happen soon, though, is to conduct some trade in local currency. — The Conversation6ph

Formula 1 on Monday at last said it will expand its grid in 2026 to make room for an American team that is partnered with General Motors. “As the pinnacle of motorsports, F1 demands boundary-pushing innovation and excellence. It’s an honor for General Motors and Cadillac to join the world’s premier racing series, and we’re committed to competing with passion and integrity to elevate the sport for race fans around the world," GM President Mark Reuss said. "This is a global stage for us to demonstrate GM’s engineering expertise and technology leadership at an entirely new level.” The approval ends years of wrangling that launched a U.S. Justice Department investigation into why Colorado-based Liberty Media, the commercial rights holder of F1, would not approve the team initially started by Michael Andretti. Andretti in September stepped aside from leading his namesake organization, so the 11th team will be called Cadillac F1 and be run by new Andretti Global majority owners Dan Towriss and Mark Walter. The team will use Ferrari engines its first two years until GM has a Cadillac engine built for competition in time for the 2028 season. Towriss is the the CEO and president of Group 1001 and entered motorsports via Andretti's IndyCar team when he signed on financial savings platform Gainbridge as a sponsor. Towriss is now a major part of the motorsports scene with ownership stakes in both Spire Motorsports' NASCAR team and Wayne Taylor Racing's sports car team. Walter is the chief executive of financial services firm Guggenheim Partners and the controlling owner of both the World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers and Premier League club Chelsea. “We’re excited to partner with General Motors in bringing a dynamic presence to Formula 1," Towriss said. “Together, we’re assembling a world-class team that will embody American innovation and deliver unforgettable moments to race fans around the world.” Mario Andretti, the 1978 F1 world champion, will have an ambassador role with Cadillac F1. But his son, Michael, will have no official position with the organization now that he has scaled back his involvement with Andretti Global. “The Cadillac F1 Team is made up of a strong group of people that have worked tirelessly to build an American works team,” Michael Andretti posted on social media. “I’m very proud of the hard work they have put in and congratulate all involved on this momentous next step. I will be cheering for you!” The approval has been in works for weeks but was held until after last weekend's Las Vegas Grand Prix to not overshadow the showcase event of the Liberty Media portfolio. Max Verstappen won his fourth consecutive championship in Saturday night's race, the third and final stop in the United States for the top motorsports series in the world. Grid expansion in F1 is both infrequent and often unsuccessful. Four teams were granted entries in 2010 that should have pushed the grid to 13 teams and 26 cars for the first time since 1995. One team never made it to the grid and the other three had vanished by 2017. There is only one American team on the current F1 grid — owned by California businessman Gene Haas — but it is not particularly competitive and does not field American drivers. Andretti’s dream was to field a truly American team with American drivers. The fight to add this team has been going on for three-plus years and F1 initially denied the application despite approval from F1 sanctioning body FIA. The existing 10 teams, who have no voice in the matter, also largely opposed expansion because of the dilution in prize money and the billions of dollars they’ve already invested in the series. Andretti in 2020 tried and failed to buy the existing Sauber team. From there, he applied for grid expansion and partnered with GM, the top-selling manufacturer in the United States. The inclusion of GM was championed by the FIA and president Mohammed Ben Sulayem, who said Michael Andretti’s application was the only one of seven applicants to meet all required criteria to expand F1’s current grid. “General Motors is a huge global brand and powerhouse in the OEM world and is working with impressive partners," Ben Sulayem said Monday. "I am fully supportive of the efforts made by the FIA, Formula 1, GM and the team to maintain dialogue and work towards this outcome of an agreement in principle to progress this application." Despite the FIA's acceptance of Andretti and General Motors from the start, F1 wasn't interested in Andretti — but did want GM. At one point, F1 asked GM to find another team to partner with besides Andretti. GM refused and F1 said it would revisit the Andretti application if and when Cadillac had an engine ready to compete. “Formula 1 has maintained a dialogue with General Motors, and its partners at TWG Global, regarding the viability of an entry following the commercial assessment and decision made by Formula 1 in January 2024,” F1 said in a statement. “Over the course of this year, they have achieved operational milestones and made clear their commitment to brand the 11th team GM/Cadillac, and that GM will enter as an engine supplier at a later time. Formula 1 is therefore pleased to move forward with this application process." Yet another major shift in the debate over grid expansion occurred earlier this month with the announced resignation of Liberty Media CEO Greg Maffei, who was largely believed to be one of the biggest opponents of the Andretti entry. “With Formula 1’s continued growth plans in the US, we have always believed that welcoming an impressive US brand like GM/Cadillac to the grid and GM as a future power unit supplier could bring additional value and interest to the sport," Maffei said. "We credit the leadership of General Motors and their partners with significant progress in their readiness to enter Formula 1."Australia's prime minister said Sunday he was ready to "engage" with billionaire X owner Elon Musk over his criticism of the government's ban on under-16s joining social media. Anthony Albanese hailed the parliament's Thursday passage of landmark legislation requiring social media firms to take "reasonable steps" to prevent young teens from having accounts. The law, which will come into effect after 12 months, gives few details of how it will be enforced, including how sites like Facebook, Instagram and X will verify users' ages. Musk -- who has been named Donald Trump's government efficiency chief in the incoming US administration -- posted on X last month that the law "seems like a backdoor way to control access to the Internet by all Australians". "We will talk to anyone," Albanese said when asked if he would discuss the legislation with Musk. "With regard to Elon Musk, he has an agenda. He's entitled to push that as the owner of X, formerly known as Twitter," Albanese told Australian public broadcaster ABC. When the interviewer mentioned that Musk was also Trump's "right-hand man", the prime minister replied: "We will engage, we will engage." Social media firms that fail to comply with the new law face fines of up to Aus$50 million (US$32.5 million) for "systemic breaches". Musk's platform in October lost a legal bid to avoid a US$417,000 fine levelled by Australia's online watchdog, which has accused X of failing to stamp out harmful posts. The government will decide over the next 12 months how to implement the ban, Albanese said, insisting, however, that it would not require people to provide identification. "The obligation will be on social media companies to do everything they can to make sure that those people under 16 don't have access to social media," the prime minister said. "We know that social media companies have more information about you and I than some of our friends do," he added. "We know that they are able to do that, and the obligation will be on them." Albanese said he was "determined" to implement the legislation. "I've met parents who have had to bury their children as a result of the impact that social media has had as a result of bullying, and we need to do something about it," he said. Several social media giants have promised to work with the government on implementing the law. But they have also criticised the legislation, saying it was "rushed", full of unanswered questions, and did not take into account the views of experts who opposed it. The UN children's charity UNICEF Australia warned this week that the law was no "silver bullet" against online harm and could push kids into "covert and unregulated" spaces online. djw/mp/cwl

The Montreal Victoire announced the re-signing of defender Catherine Daoust on Thursday to fill the void created with Amanda Boulier being placed on long-term injured reserve with an upper-body injury. Daoust, 29, began this season on the Reserve Player list after playing in 24 games during Montreal's inaugural season. She also spent stints with the CWHL, PWHPA and PHF over five professional seasons before joining the Victoire. Javascript is required for you to be able to read premium content. Please enable it in your browser settings.Article content First place in the Atlantic Division. Consistently winning hockey games as captain Auston Matthews recovers from an upper-body injury. True, it’s just the quarter-mark of the 2024-25 National Hockey League regular season and the majority of hockey has yet to be played, but there can’t be much debating the kind of impact that new coach Craig Berube has had on the Leafs through the club’s first 20 games. Back in May when the Leafs fired coach Sheldon Keefe, part of the reasoning on the part of general manager Brad Treliving was that the team brass “determined that a new voice” was needed behind the bench. Keefe did some great things during his Leafs tenure, guiding the club annually to 100-point seasons, but Berube was hired to push the team through in the playoffs. With a defence-first approach and attention to physical detail, the Leafs are going about being successful in a new manner, proof that what Berube wants out of his players has been translating on the ice. “As players, we feel it, and I think you can tell by watching that it’s a different kind of game than what we’ve played in the past,” defenceman Morgan Rielly said. “It has been a bit of an adjustment, but it has been good. I think we’re doing all right.” The Leafs record of 12-6-2, which has them one point ahead of the defending Stanley Cup champion Florida Panthers in the Atlantic Division, underlines that. The Leafs have been solid without Matthews, winning six of the past seven games he has missed, but there’s a little more to it than bearing down with the captain on the sideline. Defensively, the Leafs have pulled up their hockey socks. Not only have they cut down on goals against at five-on-five (allowing 28, tied for third-fewest in the NHL heading into Friday’s games), they’re not giving up many Grade-A chances. At five-on-five, the Leafs were tied for allowing the third-fewest high-danger scoring chances. Berube stresses with his players the importance of defending the “guts” of the ice in the D zone and the systemic differences have, well, made a difference. The low forward has become more of a partner with the defence pair and can switch out more easily. On the whole, five-man units are more connected. “There’s a learning curve,” Rielly said. “The chances we’re giving up are less. It’s a commitment to the structure and understanding the importance of it.” Offensively, bushels of goals haven’t been required for the Leafs to win games, as they have scored more than four in just three games. No one in the organization is losing sleep over that. “We’re working towards something, but on the way, the product is good,” Rielly said. “It’s not perfect, we’ve had guys out, we haven’t executed perfect every night, but we’re putting ourselves in a position where that’s OK. “You’re in that position where you’re within striking range, and you will keep yourself there, if you’re close to the structure.” Berube has said a few times that it was crucial that the players bought in from the first day of training camp in September. Hiccups along the way can be expected, as Rielly mentioned, especially when the team continues to put up points more often than not. And no one in the Leafs dressing room needs to be reminded that true judgement won’t come until the Stanley Cup playoffs. Still, the pieces being put in place now bring optimism. “There’s nothing to rest on or feel great about,” centre John Tavares said. “We’re happy with the results we’re getting and with a lot of things that we’re doing, but it’s continuously trying to get better, everyone being on the same page, buying in and knowing every night’s a new challenge, and it’s a long year, so we have to keep grinding it out. “You would hope you’re 20-0. That’s the goal, to go out and win every game. You work and push forward. Over 82 games, you want to put yourself in the best spot possible, earn a playoff spot and the highest positioning you can.” Berube wouldn’t have it any other way. tkoshan@postmedia.com X: @koshtorontosun

Australia's prime minister said Sunday he was ready to "engage" with billionaire X owner Elon Musk over his criticism of the government's ban on under-16s joining social media. Anthony Albanese hailed the parliament's Thursday passage of landmark legislation requiring social media firms to take "reasonable steps" to prevent young teens from having accounts. The law, which will come into effect after 12 months, gives few details of how it will be enforced, including how sites like Facebook, Instagram and X will verify users' ages. Musk -- who has been named Donald Trump's government efficiency chief in the incoming US administration -- posted on X last month that the law "seems like a backdoor way to control access to the Internet by all Australians". "We will talk to anyone," Albanese said when asked if he would discuss the legislation with Musk. "With regard to Elon Musk, he has an agenda. He's entitled to push that as the owner of X, formerly known as Twitter," Albanese told Australian public broadcaster ABC. When the interviewer mentioned that Musk was also Trump's "right-hand man", the prime minister replied: "We will engage, we will engage." Social media firms that fail to comply with the new law face fines of up to Aus$50 million (US$32.5 million) for "systemic breaches". Musk's platform in October lost a legal bid to avoid a US$417,000 fine levelled by Australia's online watchdog, which has accused X of failing to stamp out harmful posts. The government will decide over the next 12 months how to implement the ban, Albanese said, insisting, however, that it would not require people to provide identification. "The obligation will be on social media companies to do everything they can to make sure that those people under 16 don't have access to social media," the prime minister said. "We know that social media companies have more information about you and I than some of our friends do," he added. "We know that they are able to do that, and the obligation will be on them." Albanese said he was "determined" to implement the legislation. "I've met parents who have had to bury their children as a result of the impact that social media has had as a result of bullying, and we need to do something about it," he said. Several social media giants have promised to work with the government on implementing the law. But they have also criticised the legislation, saying it was "rushed", full of unanswered questions, and did not take into account the views of experts who opposed it. The UN children's charity UNICEF Australia warned this week that the law was no "silver bullet" against online harm and could push kids into "covert and unregulated" spaces online. djw/mp/cwl

How the stock market defied expectations again this year, by the numbers NEW YORK (AP) — What a wonderful year 2024 has been for investors. U.S. stocks ripped higher and carried the S&P 500 to records as the economy kept growing and the Federal Reserve began cutting interest rates. The benchmark index posted its first back-to-back annual gains of more than 20% since 1998. The year featured many familiar winners, such as Big Tech, which got even bigger as their stock prices kept growing. But it wasn’t just Apple, Nvidia and the like. Bitcoin and gold surged and “Roaring Kitty” reappeared to briefly reignite the meme stock craze. Stock market today: Wall Street drifts to a mixed close in thin trading following a holiday pause Stock indexes drifted to a mixed finish on Wall Street as some heavyweight technology and communications sector stocks offset gains elsewhere in the market. The S&P 500 slipped less than 0.1% Thursday, its first loss after three straight gains. The Dow Jones Industrial Average added 0.1%, and the Nasdaq composite fell 0.1%. Gains by retailers and health care stocks helped temper the losses. Trading volume was lighter than usual as U.S. markets reopened following the Christmas holiday. The Labor Department reported that U.S. applications for unemployment benefits held steady last week, though continuing claims rose to the highest level in three years. Treasury yields fell in the bond market. Israel strikes Houthi rebels in Yemen's capital while the WHO chief says he was meters away JERUSALEM (AP) — A new round of Israeli airstrikes in Yemen have targeted the Houthi rebel-held capital of Sanaa and multiple ports. The World Health Organization’s director-general said the bombardment on Thursday took place just “meters away” as he was about to board a flight in Sanaa. He says a crew member was hurt. The strikes followed several days of Houthi attacks and launches setting off sirens in Israel. Israel's military says it attacked infrastructure used by the Houthis at the international airport in Sanaa, power stations and ports. The Israeli military later said it wasn’t aware that the WHO chief was at the location in Yemen. Holiday shoppers increased spending by 3.8% despite higher prices New data shows holiday sales rose this year even as Americans wrestled with still high prices in many grocery necessities and other financial worries. According to Mastercard SpendingPulse, holiday sales from the beginning of November through Christmas Eve climbed 3.8%, a faster pace than the 3.1% increase from a year earlier. The measure tracks all kinds of payments including cash and debit cards. This year, retailers were even more under the gun to get shoppers in to buy early and in bulk since there were five fewer days between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Mastercard SpendingPulse says the last five days of the season accounted for 10% of the spending. Sales of clothing, electronics and Jewelry rose. Finland stops Russia-linked vessel over damaged undersea power cable in Baltic Sea FRANKFURT, Germany (AP) — Finnish police say authorities detained a ship linked to neighboring Russia as they investigate whether it damaged a Baltic Sea power cable and several data cables. It was the latest incident involving disruption of key infrastructure. Police and border guards boarded the Eagle S and took control as they investigate damage to the Estlink-2 undersea power cable. The cable brings electricity from Finland to Estonia across the Baltic Sea. The cable went down on Wednesday. The incident follows damage to two data cables and the Nord Stream gas pipelines. Both have been termed sabotage. Russian ship that sank in the Mediterranean was attacked, owner says MOSCOW (AP) — The Russian operator of a cargo ship that sank in the Mediterranean Sea between Spain and Algeria says it has been hit by a series of explosions in an act of sabotage. Oboronlogistica is a state-controlled company that operated the Ursa Major freighter. The company said the vessel was wrecked by three powerful explosions just above the water line in what it described as a “terrorist attack” that caused it to sink on Monday. The company said in a statement carried by Russia’s state RIA Novosti news agency on Thursday that the explosions left a hole in the ship’s starboard and filled the engine room with acrid smoke. That hampered the crew’s attempts to access it. Undersea power cable linking Finland and Estonia hit by outage, prompting investigation FRANKFURT, Germany (AP) — Finland’s prime minister says authorities are investigating an interruption in a power cable under the Baltic Sea between his country and Estonia. Petteri Orpo said on X that power transmission through the Estlink-2 cable suffered an outage Wednesday. Authorities have been on edge about undersea infrastructure in the Baltic after two international data cables were severed in November and the Nord Stream gas pipelines between Russia and Germany were blown up in September 2022. Japan to maximize nuclear power in clean-energy push as electricity demand grows TOKYO (AP) — A Japanese government panel has largely supported a draft energy policy calling for bolstering renewables up to half of Japanese electricity needs by 2040. It also recommends maximizing the use of nuclear power to accommodate the growing demand for power in the era of AI while meeting decarbonization targets. Cabinet is expected to formally approve the plan by March following a period of public consultation. The policy says nuclear energy should account for 20% of Japan’s energy supply in 2040, with renewables expanded to 40-50% and coal-fired power reduced to 30-40%. Working Well: Returning to the office can disrupt life. Here are some tips to navigate the changes NEW YORK (AP) — Thousands of workers are facing an unsettling reality heading into 2025. After years of working from the comfort of home, they're being told it’s time to return to the office full-time for the first time since the coronavirus pandemic. That can bring a host of challenges, including losing time with family. Workers at Amazon, AT&T and other companies have been called back to the office five days a week. Experts have advice to share about how to navigate the changes when an employer calls you back to the office. Workers can convey what they need, seek flexibility and if all else fails, consider other options. US applications for unemployment benefits hold steady, but continuing claims rise to 3-year high WASHINGTON (AP) — The number of Americans applying for unemployment benefits held steady last week, though continuing claims rose to the highest level in three years. The US Labor Department reported Thursday that jobless claim applications ticked down by 1,000 to 219,000 for the week of Dec. 21. That’s fewer than the 223,000 analysts forecast. Continuing claims, the total number of Americans collecting jobless benefits, climbed by 46,000 to 1.91 million for the week of Dec. 14. That’s more than analysts projected and the most since the week of Nov. 13, 2021. Weekly applications for jobless benefits are considered representative of U.S. layoffs.The Duke and Duchess of Sussex will bring a new series to Netflix in December, revealing the “grit behind the glamour” in the high-stakes world of polo. The five-part series will debut globally on December 10, following elite global players on and off the field as they compete in the US Open Polo Championship in Wellington , Florida. A trailer for the series titled Polo, executive produced by Harry and Meghan, was released on Thursday, giving a behind-the-scenes look at the “fast-paced and glamorous world of polo”. In a statement, Harry said: “This series offers audiences an unprecedented, behind-the-scenes look into the passion and determination driving some of the world’s elite polo players, revealing the grit behind the glamour. “We’re proud to showcase the true depth and spirit of the sport — and the intensity of its high-stakes moments.” It has been produced by the Sussexes’ Archewell Productions, having previously released three documentaries with Netflix as part of a multimillion-pound deal with the streaming giant. Heart Of Invictus, which aired last August, followed a group of service members on their road to the Invictus Games, the Paralympic-style sporting competition set up by Harry in 2014 for injured and sick military personnel and veterans. Netflix also released the documentary series Live To Lead and the controversial six-part Harry & Meghan documentary in December 2022. Harry and Meghan moved to the US in 2020 after stepping down from royal duties.

Ange Postecoglou explains heated incident with furious Tottenham fans at BournemouthXINHUA – The global success of China’s acclaimed game Black Myth: Wukong has introduced the enchanting tale of Sun Wukong, or the Monkey King, to audiences worldwide. But for Ghaffar Pourazar, a British-American dual citizen living in California, this legendary figure has been a part of his identity for decades. Seated before the backstage mirror at Beijing’s Liyuan Theatre, an old Peking Opera venue especially popular among foreign travellers, Pourazar deftly applies white, red and black paint to his face, transforming it into the vibrant likeness of the mischievous Monkey King. “How time flies! Look at you, an old monkey now!” remarked an elderly from the opera troupe. “Indeed, I am now a white-haired Monkey King,” Pourazar, 63, replied in Mandarin, his distinctive Beijing accent evident. Pourazar has spent the past three decades mastering Peking Opera, establishing himself as a rare foreign performer excelling in this traditional Chinese art, and earning the nickname “Western Monkey King” for his exceptional portrayal of the Chinese superhero from the classic novel Journey to the West. Currently, he travels between China and the United States (US), serving as a cultural ambassador, introducing the art of Peking Opera to Western audiences, and offering a unique perspective of the art to Chinese audiences. “I want to be a bridge between cultures,” he said, reflecting on his multicultural background. LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT Pourazar’s lifelong passion for Peking Opera began by chance. In 1993, 32-year-old Pourazar, then a computer animator, attended a performance at London’s Queen Elizabeth Hall and was instantly captivated. “I was crying,” he recalled. I previously had a passion for various art forms, including acting, dancing, mime, and movement. But at that moment, everything else faded away. I saw the convergence of all these arts in Peking Opera.” He went to the backstage right after the show and made friends with the Chinese performers. “We didn’t speak each other’s language, but they could see my passion,” Pourazar said. With the help of the head of the Chinese troupe, Pourazar was enrolled at an opera school in Beijing. Just three months after his first exposure to Peking Opera, he left his life in Britain behind and moved to Beijing to train in the martial roles of the art. ABOVE & BELOW: Photos show Ghaffar Pourazar putting on make-up for his shows. PHOTO: XINHUA PHOTO: XINHUA ABOVE & BELOW: Pourazar dons his costume for the show; and during a perfomance. PHOTO: XINHUA PHOTO: XINHUA Starting as an adult was not easy, as Peking Opera is a complex blend of vocal performance, mime, martial arts, dance and acrobatics. “My classmates were all children,” he said. “As an adult without any basic skills, it is very hard for you to practice the movements.” In addition to the physical demands, mastering the Chinese language posed another hurdle. “I was constantly reciting the subtitles and songs, whether I was eating, bathing, walking, or even dreaming,” Pourazar added. “Though there were some extremely painful days, I enjoyed every moment,” he said. Initially, he focused on portraying ancient soldiers and generals like Wu Song and Lin Chong, before eventually transitioning to the iconic role of the Monkey King. LIFELONG COMMITMENT Pourazar believes that great art transcends languages. Over the years, he has devoted himself to introducing Peking Opera and Sun Wukong to international audiences, taking Chinese performers to perform in countries such as the US, Britain and Malaysia. He has also been teaching courses and organising workshops in the US, bringing Peking Opera to curious Western learners. To better connect with Western audiences and learners, he adapted some classic plays such as The Monkey King: Uproar in Heaven into English versions. “I changed the spoken parts into English and kept the original songs, and it became a success on the international stage,” he said. “I am the most powerful spirit in heaven and earth,” Pourazar exclaims, dressed in a signature yellow costume reminiscent of the Monkey King. As he recited the dialogues in English with the distinctive intonation of Peking Opera, he leaps, flips and executes movements that capture the playful nature of the mischievous monkey. Despite not being Chinese, his efforts bring the essence of the Monkey King to life. Over the past two decades, his captivating performances have introduced the enchanting character to numerous international audiences. “My young nephew, who lives in Turkiye, has become so enamoured with the Monkey King that he taught himself to perform this character,” Pourazar said. “I love the Monkey King for his simplicity and the inner child that defines his character. His love for freedom and quest for longevity are also qualities that I respect,” he said. “I believe this character resonates with people of different cultures.” With an aim to enhance communication with Western audiences, he also adapted Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream into Peking Opera. “By presenting a story that the Western audiences are already familiar with, I hope to more effectively introduce them to the charm of Peking Opera,” he said. In recognition of his contributions, Pourazar received the Great Wall Friendship Award from the Beijing government in 2014. Over the years, Pourazar has accumulated numerous injuries and health issues. His right knee now suffers from arthritis and edema due to excessive exertion during a recent Peking Opera workshop in California, yet he continues his efforts undeterred. “I rely on traditional Chinese medicine when I am unwell or injured,” he said while sipping Chinese green tea from an insulated bottle. He said his love for Chinese culture extends well beyond the Peking Opera, encompassing Chinese calligraphy, painting, cuisine and Kung Fu. Despite his health challenges and advancing age, Pourazar remains committed to his artistic pursuits.He is currently working on two Broadway-style musical projects, both influenced by the performance traditions of Peking Opera. The first, Dream of Wukong, explores his personal journey of mastering Peking Opera, while the second, Dr Jane Goodall, tells the story of the renowned ecologist and her extensive work with chimpanzees. “Cultural exchange should be reciprocal. I aim to blend my expertise in opera with my multicultural background to create enriching artistic experiences for the audiences,” Pourazar said.

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