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Pink had a surprise in store for fans who saw her November 18 show in Orlando, Florida. During a cover performance of Queen's "We Will Rock You," her seven-year-old son Jameson Hart played the drums alongside drummer, Brian Frasier-Moore. The pop star was wrapping up her Summer Carnival tour but decided to let her son join in on the fun. Pink's husband, Carey Hart, had been the one to share the video of Jameson drumming to social media in a loving post. The first in the slideshow on Instagram was his son rocking out, followed by a photo posing hilariously with his drumsticks. "Last show Jamo made his drumming debut," Hart wrote. "Thanks @bfm22 for not only being the baddest drummer in the game, but an epic teacher to Jamo this last few months." "Blown away by Willz how she has evolved on this tour as a performer, singer, and what life will bring her on the stage," he added, giving credit to his daughter and wife. "And to the baddest performer in the game. You have pushed through injury, fatigue, home sickness, illness, mom-ing, and every other diversity you could imagine. I couldn't be more proud of you. That's a wrap." A post shared by instagram Earlier in the year, Pink, 43, also sang along with her daughter Willow, 13, for a performance of "What About Us" at the Democratic National Convention in August. "Just do your thing," she encouraged her daughter at the time. "Whatever you don't sing, I will. It's going to be brilliant. OK? I'll be ready."
Pallet Packaging Market Potential Growth, Share, Demand and Analysis of Key Players- Research Forecasts to 2031 12-22-2024 12:58 PM CET | Business, Economy, Finances, Banking & Insurance Press release from: Coherent Market Insights Pallet Packaging Market According to the latest research from Coherent Market Insights, the Pallet Packaging Market is projected to experience significant growth between 2024 and 2031. This market intelligence report offers in-depth analysis based on thorough research, highlighting current trends, financial performance, and historical data evaluation. The company profiles within the report are derived from the current performance of the Pallet Packaging market, considering key factors such as drivers, trends, and challenges, as well as global market share, size, and revenue forecasts for comprehensive insights. To provide a clear understanding, the report examines leading companies, types, applications, and the factors contributing to a positive future outlook. The Pallet Packaging market report includes detailed charts, tables, and data analysis, with clear objectives aimed at potential stakeholders. It offers a comprehensive study of the Pallet Packaging market, providing valuable insights to support strong growth in the future. This report is designed for a wide range of interested parties, including stakeholders, market participants, investors, researchers, and other individuals associated with the business. ✅ Purchase This Research Report and Get Upto 45% Discount at : https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/promo/buynow/101582 📈 Overview and Scope of the Report: The Global Pallet Packaging Market Analysis Report offers a comprehensive overview of the market size across various segments and countries, including historical data and future forecasts. The report outlines the competitive landscape of the global market, discussing market dynamics, drivers, and segmentation by application, type, region, and manufacturer. It provides both qualitative and quantitative insights into the industry for the regions and countries covered. Additionally, the report highlights key opportunities in the Pallet Packaging market, identifying the factors driving growth and expected to continue fueling expansion. It also considers past growth trends, current drivers, and future market developments. The financial standings of key players, including gross profits, sales volumes, revenue, manufacturing costs, and other financial ratios, are accurately assessed. Additionally, analytical tools such as investment evaluation, SWOT analysis, and Porter's Five Forces analysis have been employed to examine the production and distribution capabilities of market participants. Deep-dive Analysis: The Report provides deep-dive qualitative and quantitative analysis on Pallet Packaging Market for all the regions and countries covered below: • North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico) • Europe (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, SCANDIVAN, Benelux, Russia, and Rest of Europe) • Asia-Pacific (Japan, South Korea, India, China, Southeast Asia, and Australia) • South America (Brazil, Argentina, and Rest of South America) • Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, South Africa, and Rest of the Middle East & Africa) • Each Country is covered in detail, and report provides qualitative and quantitative analysis on Pallet Packaging Market on each country. Highlights of Our Report: ⏩Extensive Market Analysis: A deep dive into the manufacturing capabilities, production volumes, and technological innovations within the Pallet Packaging Market. ⏩ Corporate Insights: An in-depth review of company profiles, spotlighting major players and their strategic manoeuvres in the market's competitive arena. ⏩Consumption Trends: A detailed analysis of consumption patterns, offering insight into current demand dynamics and consumer preferences. ⏩Segmentation Details: An exhaustive breakdown of end-user segments, depicting the market's spread across various applications and industries. ⏩ Pricing Evaluation: A study of pricing structures and the elements influencing market pricing strategies. ⏩ Future Outlook: Predictive insights into market trends, growth prospects, and potential challenges ahead. ✅ Purchase This Research Report and Get Upto 45% Discount at : https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/promo/buynow/101582 Reason to Buy this Report: ■ Study of the impact of technological developments on the market and the emerging trends shaping the industry in the coming years. ■ Analysis of the regulatory and policy changes affecting the market and the effects of these changes for market participants. ■ Summary of the competitive landscape in the Pallet Packaging market, including profiles of the key players, their market share, and strategies for growth. ■Identification of the major challenges facing the market, such as supply chain disruptions, environmental concerns, and changing consumer preferences, and analysis of how these challenges will affect market growth. ■Assessment of the potential of new products and applications in the market, and analysis of the investment opportunities for market participants. Questions Answered by the Report: (1) Which are the dominant players of the Pallet Packaging Market? (2) What will be the size of the Pallet Packaging Market in the coming years? (3) Which segment will lead the Pallet Packaging Market? (4) How will the market development trends change in the next five years? (5) What is the nature of the competitive landscape of the Pallet Packaging Market? (6) What are the go-to strategies adopted in the Pallet Packaging Market? Author of this marketing PR: Alice Mutum is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights. ☎ Contact Us: Mr. Shah Senior Client Partner - Business Development Coherent Market Insights Phone: US: +12524771362 UK: +442039578553 AUS: +61-2-4786-0457 India: +91-848-285-0837 Email: sales@coherentmarketinsights.com Website: https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com About Us: Coherent Market Insights is a global market intelligence and consulting organization that provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. We are known for our actionable insights and authentic reports in various domains including aerospace and defense, agriculture, food and beverages, automotive, chemicals and materials, and virtually all domains and an exhaustive list of sub-domains under the sun. We create value for clients through our highly reliable and accurate reports. We are also committed in playing a leading role in offering insights in various sectors post-COVID-19 and continue to deliver measurable, sustainable results for our clients. This release was published on openPR.
Mitch Marner to wear red and white Maple Leaf as Canada rounds out 4 Nations rosterPEOPLE are just realising energy firms are giving out free gadgets to keep you warm this winter. The temperature has well and truly dropped this week and many households will be cranking up their heating, leading to a likely hike in energy bills. Advertisement 1 Energy firms are giving out free gadgets to keep you warm this winter But billpayers may not know that they could qualify for a number of energy-saving freebies. Octopus Energy is offering customers free electric blankets t hrough its £30million Octopus Assist fund . Ovo Energy is also offering money-saving gadgets to households through a £50million customer support package . Customers struggling to pay bills can get access to free energy-saving items like heated throws and mattress toppers. 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The firm said applications should take around two minutes but you should have some information ready to hand, including: Advertisement Your monthly disposable income (this is any income after you’ve paid tax, rent or mortgage payments, and essentials like utility bills) Your account number and postcode You may also have to include how many people live in your home, what your main type of heating is and how you pay for your energy. You may also have to state whether you have qualified for the Warm Home Discount before or are on means-tested benefits. You can make applications on behalf of yourself and others, for example, a family member who doesn't have access to the internet. Others commented that Octopus Energy offers a similar deal. Advertisement One wrote: "Octopus Energy do this as well as a £136 holiday payment charged to your account. On low income don’t have to be receiving benefits just need to meet the criteria of your outgoings." A second posted: "Octopus do one too if anyone is with them." Octopus Energy is offering customers free electric blankets t hrough its £30million Octopus Assist fund . The energy firm, which services almost seven million households, is dishing out the money-saving gadgets to the most vulnerable. Advertisement This means those most likely to receive help are the elderly and those with mobility issues or other medical conditions. You should contact Octopus to find out if you're eligible for help. What other freebies can I get? Thousands of households on benefits can get help applying for free and cheap boilers through the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) . Help is offered on a case-by-case basis, but it can mean having a new boiler fitted, or loft or cavity wall insulation put in, often for free. Advertisement A number of energy companies are signed up to the scheme, including British Gas and EDF. Several energy firms have grant schemes available to customers struggling to cover their bills. But eligibility criteria vary depending on the supplier and the amount you can get depends on your financial circumstances. For example, British Gas customers struggling to pay their energy bills can get grants worth up to £2,000. Advertisement E.ON, Octopus and Scottish Power all have their own schemes where you can get money towards the cost of bills too. It's worth speaking to your supplier to see what help is at hand. Read more on the Scottish Sun FESTIVE FIZZ Coca-Cola Christmas truck in Scotland: Dates, locations & all you need to know AND RELAX Scots seaside hotel with outdoor hot tub and firepit named UK's top spa resort How to save on your energy bills SWITCHING energy providers can sound like a hassle - but fortunately it's pretty straight forward to change supplier - and save lots of cash. Shop around - If you're on an SVT deal you are likely throwing away up to £250 a year. Use a comparion site such as MoneySuperMarket.com, uSwitch or EnergyHelpline.com to see what deals are available to you. The cheapest deals are usually found online and are fixed deals - meaning you'll pay a fixed amount usually for 12 months. Switch - When you've found one, all you have to do is contact the new supplier. It helps to have the following information - which you can find on your bill - to hand to give the new supplier. Your postcode Name of your existing supplier Name of your existing deal and how much you payAn up-to-date meter reading It will then notify your current supplier and begin the switch. It should take no longer than three weeks to complete the switch and your supply won't be interrupted in that time. Do you have a money problem that needs sorting? Get in touch by emailing money-sm@news.co.uk . Plus, you can join our Sun Money Chats and Tips Facebook group to share your tips and stories Advertisement
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Print, is it the end of the fairy tale?NEW ORLEANS (AP) — The largest artificial intelligence data center ever built by Facebook’s parent company Meta is coming to northeast Louisiana, the company said Wednesday, bringing hopes that the $10 billion facility will transform an economically neglected corner of the state. Republican Gov. Jeff Landry called it “game-changing” for his state's expanding tech sector, yet some environmental groups have raised concerns over the center's reliance on fossil fuels — and whether the plans for new natural gas power to support it could lead to higher energy bills in the future for Louisiana residents. Meanwhile, Elon Musk's AI startup, xAI, is expanding its existing supercomputer project in Memphis, Tennessee, the city's chamber of commerce said Wednesday. The chamber also said that Nvidia, Dell, and Supermicro Computer will be “establishing operations in Memphis,” without offering further details. Louisiana is among a growing number of states offering tax credits and other incentives to lure big tech firms seeking sites for energy-intensive data centers. The U.S. Commerce Department found that there aren’t enough data centers in the U.S. to meet the rising AI-fueled demand, which is projected to grow by 9% each year through 2030, citing industry reports. Meta anticipates its Louisiana data center will create 500 operational jobs and 5,000 temporary construction jobs, said Kevin Janda, director of data center strategy. At 4 million square feet (370,000 square meters), it will be the company's largest AI data center to date, he added. “We want to make sure we are having a positive impact on the local level,” Janda said. Congressional leaders and local representatives from across the political spectrum heralded the Meta facility as a boon for Richland parish, a rural part of Louisiana with a population of 20,000 historically reliant on agriculture. About one in four residents are considered to live in poverty and the parish has an employment rate below 50%, according to the U.S. census data. Meta plans to invest $200 million into road and water infrastructure improvements for the parish to offset its water usage. The facility is expected to be completed in 2030. Entergy, one of the nation's largest utility providers, is fast-tracking plans to build three natural gas power plants in Louisiana capable of generating 2,262 megawatts for Meta's data center over a 15-year period — nearly one-tenth of Entergy's existing energy capacity across four states. The Louisiana Public Service Commission is weighing Entergy's proposal as some environmental groups have opposed locking the state into more fossil fuel-based energy infrastructure. Meta said it plans to help bring 1,500 megawatts of renewable energy onto the grid in the future. Louisiana residents may ultimately end up with rate increases to pay off the cost of operating these natural gas power plants when Meta's contract with Entergy expires, said Jessica Hendricks, state policy director for the Alliance for Affordable Energy, a Louisiana-based nonprofit advocating for energy consumers. “There’s no reason why residential customers in Louisiana need to pay for a power plant for energy that they’re not going to use," Hendricks said. "And we want to make sure that there’s safeguards in place.” Public service commissioner Foster Campbell, representing northeast Louisiana, said he does not believe the data center will increase rates for Louisiana residents and views it as vital for his region. “It’s going in one of the most needed places in Louisiana and maybe one of the most needed places in the United States of America,” Foster said. “I’m for it 100%.” Environmental groups have also warned of the pollution generated by Musk's AI data center in Memphis. The Southern Environmental Law Center, among others, says the supercomputer could strain the power grid, prompting attention from the Environmental Protection Agency. Eighteen gas turbines currently running at xAI’s south Memphis facility are significant sources of ground-level ozone, better known as smog, the group said. Patrick Anderson, an attorney at the law center, said xAI has operated with “a stunning lack of transparency” in developing its South Memphis facility, which is located near predominantly Black neighborhoods that have long dealt with pollution and health risks from factories and other industrial sites. “Memphians deserve to know how xAI will affect them,” he said, “and should have a seat at the table when these decisions are being made.” Sainz reported from Memphis, Tennessee. Associated Press writer Matt O’Brien in Providence, Rhode Island, contributed to this report. Brook is a corps member for The Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues. Follow Brook on the social platform X: @jack_brook96
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Dairy Testing Services Market Outlook and Future Projections for 2030 12-22-2024 01:29 PM CET | Business, Economy, Finances, Banking & Insurance Press release from: Dhirtek Business Research and Consulting Dairy Testing Services Market The dairy testing services market represents a dynamic and continually evolving landscape, shaped by changing consumer demands and technological advancements. In this comprehensive report, we provide an in-depth exploration of the market, designed for a wide range of stakeholders including manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and investors. Our goal is to equip industry participants with essential insights that enable informed decision-making in an ever-changing market environment. This analysis not only examines the current state of the dairy testing services market but also forecasts its future trends. Scope and Purpose This report serves as an extensive resource, thoughtfully curated to deliver actionable intelligence to industry stakeholders. It covers critical elements such as market dynamics, competitive environments, growth opportunities, challenges, and regional differences. The insights provided go beyond mere descriptions, offering a valuable tool for stakeholders to refine their strategies and make informed choices in a competitive market. Request for Sample Report: https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Dairy-Testing-Services-Market/request-for-sample-report Comprehensive Market Analysis We are committed to providing a thorough analysis that explores every aspect of market growth, including shifts in consumer preferences and technological innovations driving demand for dairy testing services products. We also address the challenges faced by the industry, such as economic uncertainties and intense competition, offering insights to help stakeholders navigate these complexities. Key Players in the Dairy Testing Services Market: SGS Eurofins Scientific Intertek Bureau Veritas ALS Global Neogen Corporation Mérieux NutriSciences Dairyland Laboratories, Inc. Charm Sciences IDEXX Laboratories Strategic Guidance for the Future This report invites stakeholders to delve into a detailed examination of the competitive landscape. By profiling key players in the dairy testing services market and analyzing their strategies, we offer crucial insights to help industry participants make informed strategic decisions. Whether it's about outpacing competitors or learning from successful approaches, our analysis is designed to guide stakeholders toward success. Anticipated Insights Understanding the diverse segments within the dairy testing services market is critical to success. Our report breaks down segment sizes, potential growth trajectories, and key trends, offering actionable insights that allow stakeholders to develop targeted strategies and optimize resource allocation. The knowledge provided empowers stakeholders to navigate the complexities of the dairy testing services market with clarity and confidence. Balancing Market Forces and Strategic Impact This report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the factors shaping the dairy testing services market. By evaluating both the drivers of market growth and the obstacles that could impede it, stakeholders gain a holistic understanding of the market's dynamics. For manufacturers, this analysis helps align innovation efforts with consumer demands and regulatory trends, while investors and decision-makers gain a deeper understanding of economic risks and supply chain vulnerabilities, allowing them to make more informed strategic choices. Our goal is to provide stakeholders with the knowledge needed to confidently and successfully navigate the dairy testing services market. Competitive Landscape Our in-depth examination of the dairy testing services market's competitive landscape highlights key players, scrutinizing their strategies and impacts on the industry. By analyzing the approaches of major companies, stakeholders gain a valuable understanding of market dynamics and can leverage these insights to identify growth opportunities, innovate, and make informed strategic decisions. Market Segmentation The report begins with a detailed analysis of the unique characteristics defining each segment within the dairy testing services market. Segmentation can occur across various dimensions, including product types, customer demographics, or specific use cases. Understanding these differences allows stakeholders to tailor their strategies, products, and marketing efforts to meet the specific needs of each segment, enhancing competitive positioning and maximizing opportunities for success. Market Segments: Product Type: Contaminant Testing Nutritional Analysis Chemical Testing Microbiological Testing Allergen Testing Others Application: Liquid Milk Milk Powder Others Market Size and Segment Growth Potential A crucial part of the report focuses on understanding the size and significance of each market segment. We provide quantitative data that illustrates the market share and contribution of each segment, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, strategic prioritization, and investment. This section offers insights into the growth potential of each segment, including factors driving future expansion, evolving consumer preferences, and technological adoption. Conclusion This report serves as a strategic guide for stakeholders in the dairy testing services market, offering comprehensive insights into market segmentation, competitive dynamics, and growth potential. By understanding the market's complexities and emerging opportunities, industry participants can make well-informed decisions that drive success and innovation in this rapidly evolving market. Other Reports Orthopedic Knee Pillows Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Orthopedic-Knee-Pillows-Market Bioabsorbable Polymer Scaffold (BPS) Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Bioabsorbable-Polymer-Scaffold-BPS-Market Corporate Uniforms Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Corporate-Uniforms-Market Native Landscape Stone Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Native-Landscape-Stone-Market "Contact Us Dhirtek Business Research and Consulting Private Limited Contact No: +91 7580990088 Email Id: sales@dhirtekbusinessresearch.com" "About Us Dhirtek Business Research & Consulting Pvt Ltd is a global market research and consulting services provider headquartered in India. We offer our customers syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. Our objective is to enable our clientele to achieve transformational progress and help them to make better strategic business decisions and enhance their global presence. We serve numerous companies worldwide, mobilizing our seasoned workforce to help companies shape their development through proper channeling and execution. We offer our services to large enterprises, start-ups, non-profit organizations, universities, and government agencies. The renowned institutions of various countries and Fortune 500 businesses use our market research services to understand the business environment at the global, regional, and country levels. Our market research reports offer thousands of statistical information and analysis of various industries at a granular level." This release was published on openPR.
Toyota is one of the few brands still investing in hydrogen internal combustion engine (ICE) technology, and it says it remains a firm part of its ‘multi-pathway’ solution to automotive decarbonisation. The Japanese carmaker has been developing hydrogen ICE technology alongside hydrogen fuel-cell (FCEV) technology for a while now. The former incorporates a traditional combustion engine that makes sounds, unlike FCEVs which are silent like a battery-electric vehicle (EV). To date, Toyota has been trialing the powertrain technology through motorsport, though it has also shown off a few road-going prototypes. However, at this stage there have been no production models offered to the public with a hydrogen combustion powertrain. Know the news with the 7NEWS app: Download today Asked whether Toyota is still pursuing hydrogen combustion engine tech, Toyota Australia vice president of sales, marketing and franchise operations Sean Hanley told CarExpert it will become more relevant as a mainstream powertrain technology later next decade. “[Hydrogen combustion technology is] very much alive and well... we’re still developing and trialling,” said Mr Hanley. “All I’ll say in relation to hydrogen ICE engines is that it’s a technology that will continue to develop over the next five years. It’s not a quick technology. “It’s not a technology that we’d be suggesting will be mainstream even in this decade. “But hydrogen itself, particularly ICE conversions, [as well as] fuel-cell electric hydrogen vehicles, that 2035 to 2040 is huge, and I think that’s where you can expect to see a lot more talk. “I wish I was around for that long to see it, because it’s going to be an exciting time, not only for Toyota, but the industry. “Toyota is definitely very much still investing in hydrogen.” In addition to motorsport-oriented hydrogen combustion vehicles like its H2-powered GR Yaris racer , Toyota chose Australia to be the central point for development of the Hydrogen HiAce prototype that it revealed last year. A pilot program saw seven examples of the Hydrogen HiAce prototype loaned out for a month at a time to fleet operators for transportation. They were required to report back daily on their experience. Unlike the regular HiAce sold in Australia, which is currently powered exclusively by a 2.8-litre four-cylinder turbo-diesel, this hydrogen prototype is powered by a 3.4-litre twin-turbo V6 modified to run on hydrogen instead of petrol. This engine currently burns petrol in the Lexus LX 600 , as well as the Toyota LandCruiser 300 Series in other markets. Toyota says one of the few modifications made to the engine are the fuel-injectors, which are upgraded to run on compressed hydrogen gas. The hydrogen-fuelled V6 in the HiAce prototype produces 120kW of power and 354Nm of torque, which is 185kW and 296Nm less than its petrol-powered counterpart. While Toyota continues to develop hydrogen combustion engines, brands like BMW and Mazda have previously also investigated the technology, which like FCEVs are dependent on a widespread hydrogen refuelling network. MORE: Why Toyota chose Australia for its hydrogen van pilotBig plays in 2nd half propel Hudsonville football to win over Adams, into D1 title game
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L ate in the summer of 1962, a long plume of fire arced over the beach at Sonmiani, watched by gaggles of tourists from nearby Karachi. The country became, one newspaper account was to claim, the “first in the Islamic world, third in South Asia and 10th in the entire world to launch a vessel into outer space.” The reality was somewhat less impressive. The sounding rocket was entirely American-made and launched as part of NASA’s Apollo lunar programme. Two hundred rocket launches would take place over the next decade, probing the winds and temperature of the upper atmosphere. Three decades after that launch, Central Intelligence Agency analysis observed that Pakistani scientists who had studied at NASA’s Wallops Island and the Goddard space flight centres had begun to turn those sounding rockets into short-range missiles. Flight-tested eight times since the beginning of 1989, the Hatf-1 and Hatf-2 missiles lacked a guidance system, were highly inaccurate, and could not carry Pakistan’s nuclear bombs, the CIA recorded . Islamabad, though, was attempting to obtain Soviet Union-made missiles from North Korea, and had sought European technology as well. Last week, the United States announced sanctions on Pakistan’s missile production and development agency, the National Development Complex—a decision that comes on the back of multiple rounds of similar action against Chinese and Pakistani companies involved in supplying the organisation. The sanctions are driven by fears that an economically-crippled Pakistan could become a proliferator of ballistic missiles, just as it once sold nuclear-bomb technology to North Korea, Iran, Iraq and Libya. The sanctions story isn’t new, though. Sanctions had first been imposed on the NDC in 1998 by President Bill Clinton because of the same missile proliferation risks. Those sanctions were waived after 9/11, though, to enable American counter-terrorism cooperation with Pakistan—cooperation that never fully materialised. America’s decision comes decades too late to end the dangers posed by Pakistan’s missiles. The story illustrates the lethal consequences the Cold War could yet have for the world. “First Muslim Nobel Prize winner,” read the gravestone of the man the world honoured for his role in predicting the existence of the Higgs boson. Late in 2013, a magistrate in the town of Rabwah ordered the scrubbing out of the reference to Abdus Salam’s religion. The Ahmadiyya sect he belonged to had been declared non-Muslim by Pakistan in 1974, by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s government. Abdus Salam was excised from textbooks and Pakistan’s memory. The year before Pakistan’s first rocket launch, Salam had travelled to the United States together with then-military ruler Field Marshall Ayub Khan. As Ayub Khan’s scientific advisor, Salam worked to build the foundations of modern science in Pakistan. In the course of that 1961 visit, he seized on NASA’s open offer to establish rocket ranges in all countries on the littoral Indian Ocean. Following the 1962 launch of Rehbar-1, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission’s Space Sciences Wing deepened its rocket cooperation with the West. France transferred technology to manufacture sounding rockets, while German firms supplied the ammonium perchlorate needed to make solid rocket fuel. Great Britain helped with rocket launches. The year after the first rocket launch, Pakistan began operating a small reactor with applications in medicine, industry, and agriculture. The research reactor was the first in a long series of developments that would blossom into a nuclear weapons programme in 1973, following the war that led to the independence of Bangladesh. The United States was aware of this programme early, according to declassified CIA documents. The CIA predicted that Islamabad could have a bomb “as early as the first part of the 1980s.” The United Kingdom, for its part, believed Pakistan could have a nuclear weapon by 1981. In 1978, the British diplomat Michael Pakenham handed over a dossier to the State Department, recording Pakistan’s purchase of inverters used in plants to enrich uranium. Early in 1979, the American ambassador in Islamabad, Arthur Hummel, confronted military ruler General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq with the evidence scholar William Burr has recorded in an authoritative study . The State Department had long resisted this course of action, fearing it would jeopardise the relationship with a long-standing ally against the Soviet Union. That was increasingly offset, though, by the realisation that a Pakistani bomb could pose “a direct threat to US national interests in the Middle East and Persian Gulf.” Finally, in March 1979, the United States imposed a law cutting military and economic aid to countries that acquired nuclear enrichment technology. Less than six months later, though, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Jimmy Carter’s National Security Advisor, now argued that “our security policy towards Pakistan cannot be dictated by our non-proliferation policy.” F16 combat jets—which for years would be Pakistan’s primary means to deliver its nuclear bombs—soon made their way to General Zia, along with other state-of-the-art military equipment, enabled by a special exclusion carved out from the non-proliferation law. Financial aid was injected into Pakistan to stabilise its currency. America had decided to ignore the bomb. Also read: Reciprocity will define Trump 2.0 – trade ties with India will be purely transactional Late in 1984, a man with a thick accent walked into the Texas offices of the defence contractor EG&G and offered to pay in gold for 50 Krytrons, tiny light-bulb-like devices that can be used as the high-speed switches needed to trigger nuclear explosions. Electronics had been seized at Montreal’s Dorval airport in 1980. Firms in Switzerland, Germany, and France vied with each other to sell technology to Pakistan. And when the United States pressurised them to stop, Pakistan simply turned to China. Even though President Ronald Reagan would hand over $3.2 billion in aid to Pakistan, the country’s nuclear programme continued to dramatically accelerate. A bomb wasn’t much use, though, without a means to deliver it—and while the F16 was a superb platform, Pakistan’s Generals wanted something more effective and reliable. Two separate missile development programmes are believed to have been launched. The first, centred around a solid-fuel rocket, was operated with assistance from China at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission under scientist Samar Mubarakmand. The second, helped by liquid-fuel technology from North Korea, was run at Abdul Qadeer Khan’s Khan Research Laboratories, or KRL. In 1988, China agreed to sell M-11 missiles , launchers, and support equipment to Pakistan. The next year, Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) tested the first Hatf design, based on the French-sounding rockets it had tested. SUPARCO, established in 1981 by General Zia to take over the rocket programme, was later detected to be receiving multiple transfers of missile-related equipment and technology. And in 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is alleged to have travelled to Pyongyang to swap nuclear bomb designs and know-how for Nodong missiles. KRL test-fired the liquid-fuelled Ghauri in 1998, based on the Nodong, which brought New Delhi within range of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. A year later, KRL launched the Ghauri-2, which was capable of hitting most of India. Exactly one day later, PAEC successfully tested the Shaheen-1, introducing solid-fuelled intermediate-range capabilities to the Pakistani arsenal. Even though President George Bush had reimposed nuclear weapons sanctions in 1990, it did little to retard Pakistan’s missile and bomb programmes. Little impact was made, either, by Clinton’s sanctions. Following 9/11 and the lifting of those sanctions, the NDC produced improved versions of missiles developed by SUPARCO, notably the Hatf-2, also known as the Abdali, and its successors, the Ghaznavi, Shaheen-1 and Shaheen-2. The NDC also developed Pakistan’s first cruise missile, the Babur, which surprised many experts with its technological capabilities. Also read: Yoon’s failed coup shows the rise of democracy in South Korea is reversible Equipped with a growing nuclear arsenal powered by a stockpile of plutonium from four reactors, as well as an expanding infrastructure for uranium enrichment, Islamabad is developing increasingly sophisticated means to deliver its bombs. The Babur-2 will be capable of delivering nuclear bombs at ranges of over 700 kilometres, hugging the terrain to evade air defences. The air-launched Ra’ad is armed with conventional warheads but heralds the acquisition of even more sophisticated capabilities. Longer-range missiles are under development, too. There’s little direct threat to the United States from these missile systems: The country, after all, has built missile defences to protect against far more sophisticated adversaries, including China and Russia. Like in the 1970s, though, the real danger is that Pakistan could end up supplying nuclear weapons technologies to states in the Middle East and elsewhere, destabilising the global order. From the outset of its nuclear programme, Pakistan leveraged its strategic position to extract concessions. As late as 2009, leaked diplomatic cables show, Pakistan was able to use its 9/11 role to flatly reject American requests to return highly-enriched uranium from an ageing research reactor. The cables also show that now-President Joe Biden became increasingly frustrated with Pakistan’s support of the jihadists his country was battling in Afghanistan—but failed to mount enough pressure to force Islamabad to change course. America’s Cold War fixations let the nuclear genie out of the bottle in Pakistan. It’s probably too late to shove it back in. Praveen Swami is contributing editor at ThePrint. He tweets @praveenswami. Views are personal. 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