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L ate in the summer of 1962, a long plume of fire arced over the beach at Sonmiani, watched by gaggles of tourists from nearby Karachi. The country became, one newspaper account was to claim, the “first in the Islamic world, third in South Asia and 10th in the entire world to launch a vessel into outer space.” The reality was somewhat less impressive. The sounding rocket was entirely American-made and launched as part of NASA’s Apollo lunar programme. Two hundred rocket launches would take place over the next decade, probing the winds and temperature of the upper atmosphere. Three decades after that launch, Central Intelligence Agency analysis observed that Pakistani scientists who had studied at NASA’s Wallops Island and the Goddard space flight centres had begun to turn those sounding rockets into short-range missiles. Flight-tested eight times since the beginning of 1989, the Hatf-1 and Hatf-2 missiles lacked a guidance system, were highly inaccurate, and could not carry Pakistan’s nuclear bombs, the CIA recorded . Islamabad, though, was attempting to obtain Soviet Union-made missiles from North Korea, and had sought European technology as well. Last week, the United States announced sanctions on Pakistan’s missile production and development agency, the National Development Complex—a decision that comes on the back of multiple rounds of similar action against Chinese and Pakistani companies involved in supplying the organisation. The sanctions are driven by fears that an economically-crippled Pakistan could become a proliferator of ballistic missiles, just as it once sold nuclear-bomb technology to North Korea, Iran, Iraq and Libya. The sanctions story isn’t new, though. Sanctions had first been imposed on the NDC in 1998 by President Bill Clinton because of the same missile proliferation risks. Those sanctions were waived after 9/11, though, to enable American counter-terrorism cooperation with Pakistan—cooperation that never fully materialised. America’s decision comes decades too late to end the dangers posed by Pakistan’s missiles. The story illustrates the lethal consequences the Cold War could yet have for the world. “First Muslim Nobel Prize winner,” read the gravestone of the man the world honoured for his role in predicting the existence of the Higgs boson. Late in 2013, a magistrate in the town of Rabwah ordered the scrubbing out of the reference to Abdus Salam’s religion. The Ahmadiyya sect he belonged to had been declared non-Muslim by Pakistan in 1974, by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s government. Abdus Salam was excised from textbooks and Pakistan’s memory. The year before Pakistan’s first rocket launch, Salam had travelled to the United States together with then-military ruler Field Marshall Ayub Khan. As Ayub Khan’s scientific advisor, Salam worked to build the foundations of modern science in Pakistan. In the course of that 1961 visit, he seized on NASA’s open offer to establish rocket ranges in all countries on the littoral Indian Ocean. Following the 1962 launch of Rehbar-1, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission’s Space Sciences Wing deepened its rocket cooperation with the West. France transferred technology to manufacture sounding rockets, while German firms supplied the ammonium perchlorate needed to make solid rocket fuel. Great Britain helped with rocket launches. The year after the first rocket launch, Pakistan began operating a small reactor with applications in medicine, industry, and agriculture. The research reactor was the first in a long series of developments that would blossom into a nuclear weapons programme in 1973, following the war that led to the independence of Bangladesh. The United States was aware of this programme early, according to declassified CIA documents. The CIA predicted that Islamabad could have a bomb “as early as the first part of the 1980s.” The United Kingdom, for its part, believed Pakistan could have a nuclear weapon by 1981. In 1978, the British diplomat Michael Pakenham handed over a dossier to the State Department, recording Pakistan’s purchase of inverters used in plants to enrich uranium. Early in 1979, the American ambassador in Islamabad, Arthur Hummel, confronted military ruler General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq with the evidence scholar William Burr has recorded in an authoritative study . The State Department had long resisted this course of action, fearing it would jeopardise the relationship with a long-standing ally against the Soviet Union. That was increasingly offset, though, by the realisation that a Pakistani bomb could pose “a direct threat to US national interests in the Middle East and Persian Gulf.” Finally, in March 1979, the United States imposed a law cutting military and economic aid to countries that acquired nuclear enrichment technology. Less than six months later, though, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Jimmy Carter’s National Security Advisor, now argued that “our security policy towards Pakistan cannot be dictated by our non-proliferation policy.” F16 combat jets—which for years would be Pakistan’s primary means to deliver its nuclear bombs—soon made their way to General Zia, along with other state-of-the-art military equipment, enabled by a special exclusion carved out from the non-proliferation law. Financial aid was injected into Pakistan to stabilise its currency. America had decided to ignore the bomb. Also read: Reciprocity will define Trump 2.0 – trade ties with India will be purely transactional Late in 1984, a man with a thick accent walked into the Texas offices of the defence contractor EG&G and offered to pay in gold for 50 Krytrons, tiny light-bulb-like devices that can be used as the high-speed switches needed to trigger nuclear explosions. Electronics had been seized at Montreal’s Dorval airport in 1980. Firms in Switzerland, Germany, and France vied with each other to sell technology to Pakistan. And when the United States pressurised them to stop, Pakistan simply turned to China. Even though President Ronald Reagan would hand over $3.2 billion in aid to Pakistan, the country’s nuclear programme continued to dramatically accelerate. A bomb wasn’t much use, though, without a means to deliver it—and while the F16 was a superb platform, Pakistan’s Generals wanted something more effective and reliable. Two separate missile development programmes are believed to have been launched. The first, centred around a solid-fuel rocket, was operated with assistance from China at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission under scientist Samar Mubarakmand. The second, helped by liquid-fuel technology from North Korea, was run at Abdul Qadeer Khan’s Khan Research Laboratories, or KRL. In 1988, China agreed to sell M-11 missiles , launchers, and support equipment to Pakistan. The next year, Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) tested the first Hatf design, based on the French-sounding rockets it had tested. SUPARCO, established in 1981 by General Zia to take over the rocket programme, was later detected to be receiving multiple transfers of missile-related equipment and technology. And in 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is alleged to have travelled to Pyongyang to swap nuclear bomb designs and know-how for Nodong missiles. KRL test-fired the liquid-fuelled Ghauri in 1998, based on the Nodong, which brought New Delhi within range of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. A year later, KRL launched the Ghauri-2, which was capable of hitting most of India. Exactly one day later, PAEC successfully tested the Shaheen-1, introducing solid-fuelled intermediate-range capabilities to the Pakistani arsenal. Even though President George Bush had reimposed nuclear weapons sanctions in 1990, it did little to retard Pakistan’s missile and bomb programmes. Little impact was made, either, by Clinton’s sanctions. Following 9/11 and the lifting of those sanctions, the NDC produced improved versions of missiles developed by SUPARCO, notably the Hatf-2, also known as the Abdali, and its successors, the Ghaznavi, Shaheen-1 and Shaheen-2. The NDC also developed Pakistan’s first cruise missile, the Babur, which surprised many experts with its technological capabilities. Also read: Yoon’s failed coup shows the rise of democracy in South Korea is reversible Equipped with a growing nuclear arsenal powered by a stockpile of plutonium from four reactors, as well as an expanding infrastructure for uranium enrichment, Islamabad is developing increasingly sophisticated means to deliver its bombs. The Babur-2 will be capable of delivering nuclear bombs at ranges of over 700 kilometres, hugging the terrain to evade air defences. The air-launched Ra’ad is armed with conventional warheads but heralds the acquisition of even more sophisticated capabilities. Longer-range missiles are under development, too. There’s little direct threat to the United States from these missile systems: The country, after all, has built missile defences to protect against far more sophisticated adversaries, including China and Russia. Like in the 1970s, though, the real danger is that Pakistan could end up supplying nuclear weapons technologies to states in the Middle East and elsewhere, destabilising the global order. From the outset of its nuclear programme, Pakistan leveraged its strategic position to extract concessions. As late as 2009, leaked diplomatic cables show, Pakistan was able to use its 9/11 role to flatly reject American requests to return highly-enriched uranium from an ageing research reactor. The cables also show that now-President Joe Biden became increasingly frustrated with Pakistan’s support of the jihadists his country was battling in Afghanistan—but failed to mount enough pressure to force Islamabad to change course. America’s Cold War fixations let the nuclear genie out of the bottle in Pakistan. It’s probably too late to shove it back in. Praveen Swami is contributing editor at ThePrint. He tweets @praveenswami. Views are personal. (Edited by Zoya Bhatti) var ytflag = 0;var myListener = function() {document.removeEventListener('mousemove', myListener, false);lazyloadmyframes();};document.addEventListener('mousemove', myListener, false);window.addEventListener('scroll', function() {if (ytflag == 0) {lazyloadmyframes();ytflag = 1;}});function lazyloadmyframes() {var ytv = document.getElementsByClassName("klazyiframe");for (var i = 0; i < ytv.length; i++) {ytv[i].src = ytv[i].getAttribute('data-src');}} Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Δ document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );
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NoneSelexipag Tablets Market Outlook and Future Projections for 2030 12-22-2024 01:44 PM CET | Business, Economy, Finances, Banking & Insurance Press release from: Dhirtek Business Research and Consulting Selexipag Tablets Market The selexipag tablets market represents a dynamic and continually evolving landscape, shaped by changing consumer demands and technological advancements. In this comprehensive report, we provide an in-depth exploration of the market, designed for a wide range of stakeholders including manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and investors. Our goal is to equip industry participants with essential insights that enable informed decision-making in an ever-changing market environment. This analysis not only examines the current state of the selexipag tablets market but also forecasts its future trends. Scope and Purpose This report serves as an extensive resource, thoughtfully curated to deliver actionable intelligence to industry stakeholders. It covers critical elements such as market dynamics, competitive environments, growth opportunities, challenges, and regional differences. The insights provided go beyond mere descriptions, offering a valuable tool for stakeholders to refine their strategies and make informed choices in a competitive market. Request for Sample Report: https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Selexipag-Tablets-Market/request-for-sample-report Comprehensive Market Analysis We are committed to providing a thorough analysis that explores every aspect of market growth, including shifts in consumer preferences and technological innovations driving demand for selexipag tablets products. We also address the challenges faced by the industry, such as economic uncertainties and intense competition, offering insights to help stakeholders navigate these complexities. Key Players in the Selexipag Tablets Market: Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd Excella GmbH & Co. KG Strategic Guidance for the Future This report invites stakeholders to delve into a detailed examination of the competitive landscape. By profiling key players in the selexipag tablets market and analyzing their strategies, we offer crucial insights to help industry participants make informed strategic decisions. Whether it's about outpacing competitors or learning from successful approaches, our analysis is designed to guide stakeholders toward success. Anticipated Insights Understanding the diverse segments within the selexipag tablets market is critical to success. Our report breaks down segment sizes, potential growth trajectories, and key trends, offering actionable insights that allow stakeholders to develop targeted strategies and optimize resource allocation. The knowledge provided empowers stakeholders to navigate the complexities of the selexipag tablets market with clarity and confidence. Balancing Market Forces and Strategic Impact This report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the factors shaping the selexipag tablets market. By evaluating both the drivers of market growth and the obstacles that could impede it, stakeholders gain a holistic understanding of the market's dynamics. For manufacturers, this analysis helps align innovation efforts with consumer demands and regulatory trends, while investors and decision-makers gain a deeper understanding of economic risks and supply chain vulnerabilities, allowing them to make more informed strategic choices. Our goal is to provide stakeholders with the knowledge needed to confidently and successfully navigate the selexipag tablets market. Competitive Landscape Our in-depth examination of the selexipag tablets market's competitive landscape highlights key players, scrutinizing their strategies and impacts on the industry. By analyzing the approaches of major companies, stakeholders gain a valuable understanding of market dynamics and can leverage these insights to identify growth opportunities, innovate, and make informed strategic decisions. Market Segmentation The report begins with a detailed analysis of the unique characteristics defining each segment within the selexipag tablets market. Segmentation can occur across various dimensions, including product types, customer demographics, or specific use cases. Understanding these differences allows stakeholders to tailor their strategies, products, and marketing efforts to meet the specific needs of each segment, enhancing competitive positioning and maximizing opportunities for success. Market Segments: Product Type: 0.2mg 0.4mg 0.8mg 1mg 1.2mg Application: Hospital Clinic Others Market Size and Segment Growth Potential A crucial part of the report focuses on understanding the size and significance of each market segment. We provide quantitative data that illustrates the market share and contribution of each segment, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, strategic prioritization, and investment. This section offers insights into the growth potential of each segment, including factors driving future expansion, evolving consumer preferences, and technological adoption. Conclusion This report serves as a strategic guide for stakeholders in the selexipag tablets market, offering comprehensive insights into market segmentation, competitive dynamics, and growth potential. By understanding the market's complexities and emerging opportunities, industry participants can make well-informed decisions that drive success and innovation in this rapidly evolving market. Other Reports Air Flow Alarms Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Air-Flow-Alarms-Market Small Module Precision Cylindrical Gear Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Small-Module-Precision-Cylindrical-Gear-Market Natural Iron Oxides Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Natural-Iron-Oxides-Market Custom Metal Forging Services Market https://www.dhirtekbusinessresearch.com/market-report/Custom-Metal-Forging-Services-Market "Contact Us Dhirtek Business Research and Consulting Private Limited Contact No: +91 7580990088 Email Id: sales@dhirtekbusinessresearch.com" "About Us Dhirtek Business Research & Consulting Pvt Ltd is a global market research and consulting services provider headquartered in India. We offer our customers syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. Our objective is to enable our clientele to achieve transformational progress and help them to make better strategic business decisions and enhance their global presence. We serve numerous companies worldwide, mobilizing our seasoned workforce to help companies shape their development through proper channeling and execution. We offer our services to large enterprises, start-ups, non-profit organizations, universities, and government agencies. The renowned institutions of various countries and Fortune 500 businesses use our market research services to understand the business environment at the global, regional, and country levels. Our market research reports offer thousands of statistical information and analysis of various industries at a granular level." This release was published on openPR.Your black plastic kitchen utensils aren’t so toxic after all. But you should still toss them, group says