President-elect Donald Trump said Wednesday he will nominate retired Gen. Keith Kellogg to serve as assistant to the president and special envoy for Ukraine and Russia. "Keith has led a distinguished Military and Business career, including serving in highly sensitive National Security roles in my first Administration. He was with me right from the beginning! Together, we will secure PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH, and Make America, and the World, SAFE AGAIN!," Trump said in a statement announcing his decision. During Trump’s first administration, Kellogg served as Chief of Staff and executive secretary to the National Security Council. He previously served in the military for over 35 years. Kellogg in April co-authored a policy paper, obtained by NBC News, outlining how he'd seek to end the war in Ukraine, including potentially conditioning U.S. military aid to Kyiv on their participation in peace talks with Russia. The paper proposed a ceasefire, with Kellogg and co-author Fred Fleitz writing, "Specifically, it would mean a formal U.S. policy to seek a cease-fire and negotiated settlement of the Ukraine conflict. The United States would continue to arm Ukraine and strengthen its defenses to ensure Russia will make no further advances and will not attack again after a cease-fire or peace agreement. Future American military aid, however, will require Ukraine to participate in peace talks with Russia." In the paper, the two authors seemed to acknowledge that an end to the war was unlikely while Russian President Vladimir Putin was still leading his country. "Ukraine would not be asked to relinquish the goal of regaining all its territory, but it would agree to use diplomacy, not force, with the understanding that this would require a future diplomatic breakthrough which probably will not occur before Putin leaves office," Kellogg and Fleitz wrote. The two also explained that it would be hard for Ukraine to accept a peace agreement "that does not give them back all of their territory or, at least for now, hold Russia responsible for the carnage it inflicted on Ukraine." The Trump transition team did not immediately respond to a request for comment about whether the president-elect endorses Kellogg’s policy paper. Trump during the campaign repeatedly promised to bring an end to the war, but has not offered many specifics for how he would do so. M e e t ing with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in September , Trump told reporters, “We’re going to work very much with both parties to try and get this settled and get it worked out." He added, “It has to end. At some point, it has to end. He’s gone through hell. His country has gone through hell.” At an earlier campaign event in Georgia, Trump complained about U.S. aid to Ukraine, saying, "Every time Zelenskyy comes to the United States, he walks away with $100 billion. I think he’s the greatest salesman on Earth. But we’re stuck in that war — unless I’m president. I’ll get it done. I’ll get it negotiated." Trump and Zelenskyy have a complicated relationship. A July 2019 phone call between the two leaders led to Trump's first impeachment. Trump was accused of withholding aid to Ukraine in an effort to pressure Zelenskyy to investigate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden. He denied wrongdoing and was later acquitted in the Republican-led Senate. Vice president-elect JD Vance has also spoken out against Ukraine aid, as has Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Trump's pick to lead the Department of Health and Human Services. “I know what Donald Trump was thinking while he was having that meeting. He was thinking, I want to turn this guy over and hold him by his legs and shake all the money out of his pockets and hope it adds up to $208 billion ... That’s what the Democrats gave him, and we need to bring that money home," Kennedy said at a Trump rally in September. During an interview with NBC News’ “Meet the Press, Vance also expressed support for holding peace talks. “I think it’s important if we’re ever going to end the war in Ukraine, fundamentally, at some level, we’re going to have to engage in some sort of negotiation between Ukraine, between Russia, between our NATO allies in Europe," he said. Vance had long-criticized the U.S.’ aid to Ukraine , writing in an op-ed earlier this year, “There is frankly no good reason that aid from the U.S. should be needed. Europe is made up of many great nations with productive economies.” And he told a podcast in Feb. 2022, just before Russia invaded Ukraine, "I don’t really care what happens to Ukraine one way or another.”November 25, 2024 This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlightedthe following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: fact-checked trusted source proofread by Kurt Bodenmüller, University of Zurich When asked in Arabic about the number of civilian casualties killed in the Middle East conflict, ChatGPT gives significantly higher casualty numbers than when the prompt was written in Hebrew, as a new study by the Universities of Zurich and Constance shows. These systematic discrepancies can reinforce biases in armed conflicts and encourage information bubbles. Every day, millions of people engage with and seek information from ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs). But how are the responses given by these models shaped by the language in which they are asked? Does it make a difference whether the same question is asked in English or German, Arabic or Hebrew? Christoph Steinert, a postdoc at the Department of Political Science of the University of Zurich (UZH), and physicist Daniel Kazenwadel from the University of Konstanz, Germany, have now conducted a systematic analysis of this question. The results are published in the Journal of Peace Research . Information shapes armed conflicts The researchers explored the issue in the contentious context of the Israeli–Palestinian and Turkish–Kurdish conflicts. They used an automated query procedure to ask ChatGPT the same questions in different languages. For example, the researchers repeatedly prompted ChatGPT in Hebrew and Arabic about the number of people killed in 50 randomly chosen airstrikes, including the Israeli attack on the Nuseirat refugee camp on 21 August 2014. "We found that ChatGPT systematically provided higher fatality numbers when asked in Arabic compared to questions in Hebrew. On average, fatality estimates were 34% higher," Steiner says. When asked about Israeli airstrikes on Gaza, ChatGPT mentions civilian casualties more than twice as often and killed children six times more often in the Arabic version. The same pattern emerged when the researchers queried the chatbot about Turkish airstrikes against Kurdish targets and asked the same questions in Turkish and Kurdish. The phrase "The first casualty when war comes is truth" is often attributed to U.S. senator Hiram Johnson (1866–1945). Throughout history, selective information policies, propaganda and misinformation have influenced numerous armed conflicts. What sets current conflicts apart is the availability of an unprecedented number of information sources—including ChatGPT. Exaggerated in one language, embellished in the other The results show that ChatGPT provides higher casualty figures when asked in the language of the attacked group. In addition, ChatGPT is more likely to report on children and women killed in the language of the attacked group, and to describe the airstrikes as indiscriminate. "Our results also show that ChatGPT is more likely to deny the existence of such airstrikes in the language of the attacker," adds Steinert. The researchers believe this has profound social implications, as ChatGPT and other LLMs play an increasingly important role in information dissemination processes. Integrated in search engines such as Google Gemini or Microsoft Bing, they fundamentally shape the information provided on various topics through search queries. "If people who speak different languages obtain different information through these technologies, it has a crucial influence on their perception of the world," Christoph Steinert says. Such language biases could lead people in Israel to perceive airstrikes on Gaza as causing fewer casualties based on information provided by LLMs, compared to Arabic speakers. Unlike traditional media , which may also distort the news, the language-related systematic biases of LLMs are difficult for most users to detect. "There is a risk that the increasing implementation of large language models in search engines reinforces different perceptions, biases and information bubbles along linguistic divides," says Steinert, which he believes could in the future fuel armed conflicts such as in the Middle East. More information: Christoph Valentin Steinert et al, How user language affects conflict fatality estimates in ChatGPT, Journal of Peace Research (2024). DOI: 10.1177/00223433241279381 Provided by University of Zurichubet63
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