Inflation is predicted to average 2.5% this year and 2.6% next year, according to forecasts from the Office for Budget Responsibility. The British Medical Association said the Government showed a “poor grasp” of unresolved issues from two years of industrial action, and the Royal College of Nursing called the pay recommendation “deeply offensive”. The National Education Union’s chief said teachers were “putting the Government on notice” that the proposed increase “won’t do”. The pay recommendations came after Chancellor Rachel Reeves called for every Government department to cut costs by 5%, as she started work on a sweeping multi-year spending review to be published in 2025. Independent pay review bodies will consider the proposals for pay rises for teachers, NHS workers and senior civil servants. The Department of Health said it viewed 2.8% as a “reasonable amount” to set aside, in its recommendations to the NHS Pay Review Body and the Doctors’ and Dentists’ Remuneration Board remit groups. A 2.8% pay rise for teachers in 2025/26 would “maintain the competitiveness of teachers’ pay despite the challenging financial backdrop the Government is facing”, the Department for Education said. The Cabinet Office also suggested pay increases for senior civil servants should be kept to no more than 2.8%. Paul Johnson, director of the influential economics think tank the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), said it was “not a bad ballpark figure” and feels “just about affordable” given the Government’s public spending plans. The downside, he said, is that public sector workers have lost out since 2010 and unions will be upset that this is not making up the gap, he told Sky News’ Politics Hub with Sophy Ridge. “But given the constraints facing the Chancellor I think it’s pretty hard to argue for more for public sector pay when public sector services ... are under real strain,” he said. Unions expressed their disappointment in the recommendations, with some hinting they could be willing to launch industrial action. The Royal College of Nursing general secretary and chief executive called for “open direct talks now” to avoid “further escalation to disputes and ballots”. Professor Nicola Ranger said: “The Government has today told nursing staff they are worth as little as £2 extra a day, less than the price of a coffee. “Nursing is in crisis – there are fewer joining and too many experienced professionals leaving. This is deeply offensive to nursing staff, detrimental to their patients and contradictory to hopes of rebuilding the NHS. “The public understands the value of nursing and they know that meaningful reform of the NHS requires addressing the crisis in nursing. “We pulled out of the Pay Review Body process, alongside other unions, because it is not the route to address the current crisis. “That has been demonstrated today. “Fair pay must be matched by structural reform. Let’s open direct talks now and avoid further escalation to disputes and ballots – I have said that directly to government today.” Professor Philip Banfield, chairman of the British Medical Association’s council, urged the sector’s pay review body to “show it is now truly independent”. “For this Government to give evidence to the doctors’ and dentists’ pay review body (DDRB) believing a 2.8% pay rise is enough, indicates a poor grasp of the unresolved issues from two years of industrial action,” he said. He said the proposal is far below the current rate of inflation and that the Government was “under no illusion” when doctors accepted pay offers in the summer that there was a “very real risk of further industrial action” if “pay erosion” was not addressed in future pay rounds. “This sub-inflationary suggestion from the current Government serves as a test to the DDRB. “The BMA expects it to take this opportunity to show it is now truly independent, to take an objective view of the evidence it receives from all parties, not just the Government, and to make an offer that reflects the value of doctors’ skills and expertise in a global market, and that moves them visibly further along the path to full pay restoration.” The NEU’s general secretary, Daniel Kebede, said teachers’ pay had been cut by more than one-fifth in real terms since 2010. “Along with sky-high workload, the pay cuts have resulted in a devastating recruitment and retention crisis. Teacher shortages across the school system hit pupils and parents too. “A 2.8% increase is likely to be below inflation and behind wage increases in the wider economy. This will only deepen the crisis in education.” In a hint that there could be a return to industrial action he added: “NEU members fought to win the pay increases of 2023 and 2024. “We are putting the Government on notice. Our members care deeply about education and feel the depth of the crisis. This won’t do.” The offer for teachers is the “exact opposite of fixing the foundations” and will result in bigger class sizes and more cuts to the curriculum, Pepe Di’Iasio, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said: “The inadequacy of the proposed pay award is compounded by the Government’s intention that schools should foot the bill out of their existing allocations. “Given that per-pupil funding will increase on average by less than 1% next year, and the Government’s proposal is for an unfunded 2.8% pay award, it is obvious that this is in fact an announcement of further school cuts.” Paul Whiteman, general secretary at school leaders’ union NAHT, said: This recommendation falls far short of what is needed to restore the competitiveness of the teaching profession, to enable it to retain experienced professionals and attract new talent. Unison head of health Helga Pile said: “The Government has inherited a financial mess from its predecessors, but this is not what NHS workers wanted to hear. “Staff are crucial in turning around the fortunes of the NHS. Improving performance is a key Government pledge, but the pay rise proposed is barely above the cost of living.”
Scientists identify brain cell type as master controller of urination December 3, 2024 eLife Researchers have identified a subset of brain cells in mice that act as the master regulators of urination. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email Researchers have identified a subset of brain cells in mice that act as the master regulators of urination. The research, published today as a Reviewed Preprint in eLife , is described by editors as an important study with convincing data showing that estrogen receptor 1-expressing neurons (ESR1+) in the Barrington's nucleus of the mouse brain coordinate both bladder contraction and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. Urination requires the coordinated function of two units of the lower urinary tract. The detrusor muscle of the bladder wall relaxes to allow the bladder to fill and empty, while the external sphincter opens when it's appropriate to allow urine to flow out, but otherwise keeps tightly shut. "Impairment of coordination between the bladder muscle and the sphincter leads to various urinary tract dysfunctions and can significantly degrade a person's quality of life," says first author Xing Li, Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China. "But although we know the individual nerve signalling pathways that control each of these urinary tract components, we don't know which brain areas ensure they cooperate at the right time." To explore this, the authors used state-of-the-art live cell imaging to study the activity of brain cells in anaesthetised and awake mice during urination. They focused on a brain region called the pontine micturition centre (PMC), otherwise known as the Barrington's nucleus, and compared the activity of different PMC nerve cell subtypes. In their first experiments, they measured the activity of the cells as the bladder empties by measuring changes in levels of calcium. This revealed that the electrical firing rate of a subset of PMC cells expressing estrogen receptors (PMC ESR1+ cells) was tightly linked to bladder emptying. When they combined this with monitoring bladder physiology, they found that it was not only the timing of PMC ESR1+ cell activity that correlated with bladder emptying, but the strength of cell electrical activity, too. Next, they tested what happened to urination if they blocked or triggered the PMC ESR1+ cells. They found that when PMC ESR1+ cell activity was blocked, the amount of urine the mice passed was significantly reduced and ongoing urination was suspended from the moment the cells were inactive. To understand the mechanism behind this, they measured the activity of the bladder muscle and sphincter. They discovered that both increase of bladder pressure and sphincter muscle bursting activity associated with bladder emptying both stopped when PMC ESR1+ cell activity was blocked during an ongoing voiding even. Similarly, when PMC ESR1+ cells were artificially activated using light, bladder emptying occurred 100% of the time. This suggests that PMC ESR1+ cells work as a reliable master switch that either initiates or suspends bladder emptying. To test whether PMC ESR1+ cells can influence bladder emptying independently of controlling the sphincter, they disconnected either the nerve carrying messages from the brain to the sphincter, or the nerve carrying messages from the brain to the bladder. They found that PMC ESR1+ cell control of the bladder was fully operational even when communication to the sphincter was blocked, and vice versa. This showed the cells could control the bladder and sphincter independently of one another, but the question remained: could they coordinate the action of the bladder muscle and sphincter together? That is, operate them in a controlled, perfectly timed manner, to trigger bladder emptying when appropriate? To explore this, they simultaneously recorded bladder pressure and electromyography measurements of sphincter activity. The timing of bladder pressure changes immediately before sphincter bursting activity was consistent for both spontaneous bladder emptying and emptying caused by activating the PMC ESR1+ cells, showing that these cells can coordinate the two steps in a precisely temporal sequence and controlled way. "Our study shows that a subset of cells in the Barrington's nucleus of the brain can initiate and suspend bladder emptying with 100% accuracy when needed, for example, to release only a small volume for landmarking by animals, or for a human to urinate into a small sample tube for a health check," concludes senior author Xiaowei Chen, Third Military Medical University, and Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, China. "While other cells will no doubt be involved in perfect urination control, our pinpointing of PMC ESR1+ cells' crucial role in bladder-sphincter coordination will aid the development of targeted therapies for treating urination dysfunction caused by brain or spinal cord injury or peripheral nerve damage." Story Source: Materials provided by eLife . Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference : Cite This Page :None
Dillon Gabriel was faced with a quandary when he arrived at Oregon this year. Gabriel had worn No. 8 at Oklahoma before transferring for his sixth season of eligibility. But in Eugene, that number had special significance because it had been worn by Heisman Trophy winner Marcus Mariota. There were many similarities between the two: They were both dual-threat quarterbacks who had piled up accolades along with yards and touchdowns. Both hailed from Hawaii and were shaped by the island spirit. Mariota chose the No. 8 initially because of the number of Hawaiian islands. His helmet's facemask was formed in an 808, Hawaii's area code. So Gabriel took a leap of faith and texted Mariota to ask his permission. Mariota, now with the NFL's Washington Commanders, said yes. "You know, when you’re growing up and you have that kind of direct example, a guy from Hawaii, playing at a high level, at the DI level, and then you see him go to the NFL, it’s like you can see it, you can believe it,” Gabriel said. Gabriel has led the top-ranked Ducks (12-0, 9-0 Big Ten) through an undefeated season and on to the Big Ten title game on Saturday against No. 4 Penn State (11-1, 8-1) in Indianapolis. Gabriel — who played his first three years at Central Florida before joining the Sooners — became the all-time NCAA leader for total career touchdowns along the way and now has 183, including 149 via pass, 33 via rush and one reception. He's tied with former Oregon quarterback Bo Nix — now with the Denver Broncos — with an FBS-record 61 career starts. Ever humble, Gabriel is thoughtful about the arc of his career. "I think we’re in an interesting time that’s all about results. And so many people talk about the process but aren’t patient enough. I think if you look at my body of work, I’m a guy who’s eager and wants to get better but has had that time to develop and work in that way. I think you see it over time," Gabriel said. As a Duck, Gabriel has thrown for 3,277 yards and 24 TDs in 12 games. He's rushed for seven more scores. Mariota spent his three-year college career at Oregon, throwing for 104 touchdowns and running for 29 more. He was the Ducks' quarterback in the 2014 season, the last time Oregon advanced to the national championship game. "I mean, everybody would love to run out there with the experience that we have at quarterback right now,” Oregon coach Dan Lanning said. “And I think that experience shows up consistently every Saturday for us. More than anything, just the ability for Dillon to be calm within the chaos that exists in a football game, and being a great decision-maker and understanding the scheme.” The only other time Oregon finished the regular season 12-0 was in 2010, when the Ducks played for the BCS national championship. Among the team's victories this season was a 32-31 win at home over Ohio State and a 38-17 victory over Michigan at the Big House. The Ducks capped the season with a 49-21 victory over rival Washington , finishing 9-0 in their first Big Ten year. Gabriel threw for a pair of touchdowns and ran for another in that game. The Nittany Lions advanced to the conference title game with a 44-7 victory over Maryland on Saturday. They were helped by Ohio State’s 13-10 loss to Michigan in Columbus. Oregon has played the Nittany Lions just one other time, in the 1995 Rose Bowl. Penn State, led by Joe Paterno, won that one, 38-20. The winner in Indianapolis this weekend can secure a first-round bye in the expanded 12-team playoffs. Both teams are assured of a playoff berth even with a loss. On Tuesday, Gabriel added another honor when he was named Big Ten offensive player of the year. "He’s earned the trust and the admiration of all his teammates and the coaches around him," Lanning said. "This guy prepares extremely hard. He is the calmest dude you’ve ever been around on the field, which is impressive, but I’m really proud of him and what he’s been able to do for this team.” Get poll alerts and updates on the AP Top 25 all the season. Sign up here . AP college football: https://apnews.com/hub/ap-top-25-college-football-poll and https://apnews.com/hub/college-football
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